SnapShot: Cytokines III

SnapShot: Cytokines III

Inflammatory; promotes activation and production of acute-phase proteins ↓ = disregulated fever; increased susceptibility to bacterial infection; enhanced resistance to LPS-induced septic shock ↑ = exacerbation of arthritis and colitis T cells, B cells Many cell types Promotes activation and cytotoxicity; development of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches ↓ = defective response to bacterial pathoge...

SnapShot: Cytokines II

SnapShot: Cytokines IV

Receptor tyrosine kinases Diverse tissue DCs, other myeloid cells Differentiation and proliferation; synergizes with stem cell factor ↓ = impaired hematopoietic stem cell repopulation and B cell precursors G-CSF GCSFR dimer Macrophages, fibroblasts, other tissues Committed progenitors Differentiation and activation of granulocytes ↓ = neutropenia

SnapShot: Cytokines I

IL-10 IL10R1 and IL10R2 Differentiated T helper cells, Tregs, B cells, dendritic cells, others Macrophages, T cells, dendritic cells, B cells Immune suppression; decreases antigen presentation and MHC class II expression of dendritic cells; downregulates pathogenic Th1, Th2, and Th17 responses ↓ = immune pathology due to uncontrolled inflammation. ↑ = inhibits sterile immunity to some pathogens.

SnapShot: Spliceosome Dynamics III

The complex compositional and conformational dynamics of spliceosomes required for regulated splicing are prone to malfunction when mutations affect splicing factors or cis-acting regulatory sequences. Indeed, many such mutations have been linked to heritable diseases or malignancies in humans. Small molecule modulators and antisense oligonucleotides or analogs harbor great potential for therap...